When you need the URL for any post or page within WordPress, your best friend is WordPress function the_permalink(). This function WHEN USED IN THE LOOP returns the URL of the page or post. This function has not parameters, and spits out the URL – so you cannot save it to a variable name for later use.
Example use would be:
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<a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>">permalink</a>
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If you need to get the URL of a page or post OUTSIDE OF THE LOOP then your next best friend is WordPress function get_permalink(). This function can also be used to store the value into a variable for later use and required one variable, which is the ID of the page/post you want.
Example use would be:
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<?php
$pageURL = get_permalink($ID);
echo '<a href="'.$pageURL.'">Click me!</a>';
?>
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Where $ID was obtained elsewhere either via a database query or knowing the physical page ID.
This is ideal when doing web design on your WordPress sites which need a little more sophisticated functionality and advanced steps outside the basic loop.